Ticks are bloodsucking parasites that are classified as arachnids, i.e., they are not insects. Ticks are classified as either hard (ioxid) or soft (argasid). Ioxid ticks are characterized by the presence of a hard protective shield on the back. Argasid ticks lack this protective shield.
The life cycle of ticks consists of four successive stages: egg, larvae, nymph, and adult. Different tick species have different requirements for completing the entire life cycle. Some species may require one or more hosts to reach adult stage. Most ioxid ticks require three hosts, feeding only once during each stage of the life cycle.
Ticks that commonly feed on dogs include the brown dog tick and the American dog tick. The brown dog tick is widely distributed throughout the world. It requires three hosts to reach adult stage and feeds on dogs to complete it's life cycle. These ticks also feed on rabbits, cats, horses, and people. The American dog tick is found throughout North America, but is most common on the east coast. Adults can also feed on cattle, horses, wild animals, and people.
Ticks can cause severe blood loss and subsequent anemia in heavy infestations. Ticks also carry a number of infectious agents, notably, Lyme borreliosis.
Most tick infestations are seen during the spring and summer months. Ticks are usually found around the head, neck, ears, or feet of the dog. They are usually visually distinctive and can be easily recognized. Before removing ticks, they should be sprayed with an insecticide that is safe for dogs. After spraying, the ticks can be removed with forceps or tweezers. It is important to grasp the tick's head as close to the skin of the dog as possible and pull the tick slowly and firmly.
It is much easier to prevent a tick infestation than eliminating an established infestation. Animals should be checked for ticks before allowing them indoors. Your veterinarian can provide you with prescriptions that will not only prevent infestation, but also disrupt the life cycle of ticks that may be living on your pet. These include topical treatments and systemic treatments (usually in the form of pills).