Bloat is the abnormal distention of the stomach with gas. If not relieved, it can progress to gastric torsion which is the rotation of the stomach about its axis, cutting off the blood supply leading quickly to shock and death.
Bloat is always a medical emergency and immediate surgery is mandatory.
The incidence of gastric torsion is highest in large, deep chested breeds - Great Danes, German Shepherds, Irish Setters, Weimaraners, etc. Dogs that survive bloat are at high risk for a recurrence.
The basic mechanism of bloat is a failure of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach to open in response to increased intragastric pressure. What causes this failure is still open to debate, however, some have suggested that damage to the vagal nerves may be the cause. What causes this damage is still open to investigation.
There are many recommendations for preventing bloat and gastric torsion. The following table is adapted from Weimaraner Ways by Virginia Alexander and Jackie Isabell.
| Participating Factor | Preventive Measure |
| Difficulty digesting food | Soak food in hot water |
| Eating too rapidly | Free feed dry kibble |
| Overfilling the stomach | Feed twice a day |
| Overdrinking | Have water available at all times |
| Vigorous exercise before and after eating | Avoid vigorous exercise 1 hour before and 2 hours after eating |
| Change of dog food | Change foods gradually |
| Parasites | Routine stool samples and treatment as needed |
| Eating foreign objects | Pick up toys and other tempting objects |
| Stress |
Crate 30-60 minutes before feeding |